Obesity is a physiological disorder that results in the accumulation of excess fat in the body and usually estimated on the basis of body-mass index (BMI). BMI is the criteria for obesity determination and classification accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters(kg/m2 ). 25= BMI =29,9 overweight, BMI =30 obese, BMI=45 morbit obese. World Health Organization estimates that approximately 700 million people will be obese in 2015. Leptin is a 167 amino-acid protein and is coded by ob gene which is consist of 2 introns, 3 exons (Friedman, 1997; Campfield et all, 1995). Leptin levels are also increased in obese patients. Leptin is secreted into bloodstream by adipocytes and binding to its receptor (LEPR) expressed mainly in hypothalamus it regulates the maintenance of energy homeostasis and body weight by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing appetite. LEPR is located 1p31.3 and mainly is expressed in hypothalamus (Wrann ve ark., 2012). LEPR gene produces six LEPR isoforms (LEPRa,b,c,d,e,f) and the LEPRb type receptor is effective in regulating body weight (Fei ve ark. 1997; Morris & Rui, 2009). LEPRb is a member of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-type cytokine receptor family and has an extracellular domain and an intracellular domain. LEPRb does not contain intrinsic enzymatic activity but bind to a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase called Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Leptin stimulates JAK2 activation that subsequently auto-phosphorylates on multiple tyrosines. JAK2 also phosphorylates LEPRb on three tyrosine residues (Tyr985, Tyr1077, and Tyr1138). Phospho- Tyr985, Tyr1077, and Tyr1138 bind to downstream molecules and active the JAK2/STAT3, JAK2/STAT5, PI3K/IRS/AKT SHP2/ERK pathways which is act coordinately and regulate food intake and energy expenditure (Zhou & Rui, 2014). The SH2 domain of STAT3 binds to Phospho-Tyr1138 and is activated by JAK2. STAT3 mediated the transcription of several genes including POMC. Phospho- Tyr985 provides a binding site for SHP2 and SHP2 mediated the activation ERK pathway. SHP2/ERK pathway has anti-obesity effect. Deletion of the SHP2 gene in the brain results in early-onset obesity in mice (He et all., 2012; Zhang et all., 2004; Krajewska et all., 2008; St- Pierre & Tremblay, 2012).Leptin actives STAT5 via phospho-Tyr1077and STAT5 shows anti-obesity effect. Elimination of STAT5 in CNS results hyperphagia and obesity. Activation of STAT5 has an opposite effect (Lee et all., 2008). Leptin also activates IRS/PI3K pathway. SH2B1 is a adaptor protein and It mediates activation of IRS/PI3K pathway by JAK2. IRS/PI3K pathway consist of Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) and The Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTORC1) pathways. FoxO1 is a key transcription factor for gluconeogenesis AKT phosphorylates FoxO1 and resulting accumulation of inactive FoxO1 in cytoplasm. Overexpression of a constitutively active FoxO1 mutant in the ARC abolishes leptin responses and increases food intake and body weight, whereas overexpression of a transcription-deficient FoxO1 mutant or FoxO1 knockdown in the ARC has an opposite effect (Kim et all., 2006; Kitamura et all., 2006). Deletion of FoxO1 in POMC neurons results in decreased food intake and body weight in mice (Plum et all., 2009). The Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTORC1)/ribosomal S6 kinase pathway is another pathway of the IRS/PI3K pathway. Leptin stimulates the activation mTOR. The active mTOR phosphorylates and actives S6K. The active mTOR decreases food intake and body weight in rats (Cota et all., 2006). In addition to, leptin signaling is negatively regulated by SOCS3, PTP1B, TCPTP. Obesity is closely associated with various metabolic diseases including dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes (Kopelman ,2000). In this study, leptin signaling pathway and function of molecules in this pathway is explained. Genetic variations in the above-mentioned pathways emerges as target points for the treatment of the disease

The literary products that are prepared for children are very important in learning and teaching the language. The fables, which are rooted in Western or Eastern literature, are among the fairytale works that may attract children today. The fact that the fables are intended to teach a lesson allows them to be used in education. The aim of this study is to reveal the educational functions of fables and their importance in value education. In this research, it has been looked for the answers of the following research questions, "What fables are the most remembered ones by the 5th grade students?", "What values are contained in the fables either directly or covertly?", "What values did the 5th grade students reach in the fables?". The research subjects is composed of 102 students. In this study, descriptive qualitative research model was used. The data of the study were collected through a document review. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and content analysis techniques. Fables were examined based on the UNESCO values list. Then, the researcher took the thoughts of 5th grade students about these fables. As a result of the research, it is seen that the nine fables remembered by the students are the ones that are most accessible through the textbooks or reading books. Eight of these nine fables belong to La Fontaine and one belongs to Aisopos.Çocuklar için hazirlanmis edebi ürünler dilin ögrenilmesi ve ögretilmesi konusunda çok önemlidir. Hem Bati edebiyatinda hem de Dogu edebiyatinda geçmisi köklü olan fabllar, günümüzde çocuklarin ilgisini çekebilecek masalimsi eserler içerisindedir. Fabllarin ders verme amacinin olmasi, egitsel olarak kullanilmasini saglamaktadir. Bu arastirmanin amaci fabllarin egitimsel islevini ve degerler egitimindeki yerini ortaya koymaktir. Arastirmada, “Ortaokul 5. Sinif ögrencilerinin en fazla hatirladigi fabllar hangileridir?”, “Fabllarda örtülü veya dogrudan hangi degerlere yer verilmektedir?”, “Ortaokul 5. Sinif ögrencileri fabllarda hangi degerlerine ulasmislardir?” sorularina cevap aranmistir. Arastirmanin çalisma grubunu 102 ögrenci olusturmaktadir. Bu çalismada betimsel nitelikli nitel model kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin verileri doküman incelemesi yoluyla toplanmistir. Veriler betimsel analiz ve içerik analizi teknigiyle degerlendirilmistir. Fabllar, UNESCO degerler listesine göre incelenmistir. Daha sonra arastirmaci, bu fabllar ile ilgili 5. sinif ögrencilerinin düsüncelerini almistir. Arastirmanin sonucunda, ögrencilerin hatirladigi dokuz fablin, genellikle ders kitaplarinda ya da okuma kitaplarinda en çok erisebilen fabllar oldugu görülmüstür. Bu dokuz fablin sekizi La Fontaine, birisi ise Aisopos’a aittir.

In the Social Education Program published by Ministry of Education (2005), the ways of teaching values and activities in learning process are remarked. One of them is “observational learning” and analysis of model” according to the Social Education Program (2005). With this activity students notice and acquire the values of individuals who are in touch with the students in social environments. Furthermore, this activity aims to provide data to teachers and individuals making research on the education of values. In the application process of this activity, the individuals have opportunity to compare social values of their own with the values of people the individual observe and general social values of his society. The other contribution of model analysis activity is to help to understand opinions of individuals who is observed. When the target research area about the education of values are examined, there are many research related to this topic. However, there is no research found which match with the model analysis of activities. In this way the aim of this research is defined as to clarify models by which the secondary school students create values and which values they gain from these models. As appropriate to the qualitative research method this research is carried out on the phenomenological research design. Phenomenological research defines common sense of more than one person’s experiences of a phenomenon or concept. According to Yildirim and Simsek (2008, s. 72) for studies that we are aware of but which aim to investigate the facts that we do not have an in-depth and detailed understanding, the phenomenon constitutes an appropriate research area. The research was conducted with 182 students who were 5th 6th 7th 8th grade students of a secondary school which is in Denizli, Bekilli, in 2016-17 education year. An easily accessible sampling method was used for the study group. The research data were gathered by using “Learning through observation- Model Analysis Form that rank under the title of “the education of values” in the Social Education Curriculum (2005) Through this data collection, groups in which students can take a model are given as an option. First, students were asked to make observations by selecting one or several model groups. Then they were asked to write out the dominant characteristic or value they observed in the model they were modeling from within the model group as a result of observation they made and finally they were desired to explain affections occurred themselves. Legal permissions had been taken before the application began. During the data collection conducted in the classroom environment, the data collection process was performed by giving sufficient time to the research group to fill the form given. The data obtained in the study were subjected to descriptive analysis in accordance with the qualitative research method and reached to the categories from similar responses and converted into frequency graphs. 182 students who participated in the research have observed 238 different models and found that they constitute a total of 460 values under 73 different value titles. It has come to the conclusion that the highest repetitive value is "honesty". "Diligence" and "respect" follows respectively “honesty” in the research. The frequency of repetition of model groups is varied between 0-140. The highest repetition rate is in the "family" model group. “Teacher” and “Relative” model groups follow respectively “family”. The repeat frequency of values learned from the "family" model group varies between 1-72. The highest recurring values are respectively "honesty", "hardworking" and "courage". 52 of the 460 values that secondary school students learned by modeling were learned by observing the "teacher" model group. The highest repetition values for the "teacher" model group are "honesty", "hardworking" and "patience", respectively. 41 of the 460 values that the students learned by modeling were learned by observing the "relatives" model group. The highest repetition values for the "Relative" model group are "honesty", "hardworking" and "courage" respectively. As a result, it has been determined that "family" institution is the most important value learning tool in value education process and "teacher" and “relatives” are also included in the most preferred group as a model. Therefore, it is seen that the students model the individuals who are in their neighborhoods and who they can communicate directly. Also it can be said that Family members and teachers with whom the students spend most of their time have crucial roles. In other words, it can be said that the importance of teachers and family members is great in reaching the education programs in terms of values education. Bu arastirmanin amaci, ortaokul ögrencilerinin deger olusturma sürecinde izledikleri modellerin tespit edilerek ve bu modellerden hangi degerleri kazandiklarinin ortaya konulmasidir. Nitel arastirma yöntemlerine uygun olarak fenomenolojik (olgu bilim) arastirma deseninde gerçeklestirilen arastirmanin çalisma grubunu 2016- 2017 egitim ögretim yilinda Denizli Bekilli ilçesinde yer alan bir devlet ortaokulda 5. 6. 7. ve 8. sinifta ögrenim gören kolay ulasilabilir örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmis 182 ögrenci olusturmaktadir. Arastirmada veri toplama araci olarak 2005 Sosyal Bilgiler Ögretim Program kitabi içerisinde yer alan Model Analizi Formu kullanilmistir. Elde edilen veriler betimsel analize tabi tutulmus ve frekans grafiklerine dönüstürülerek sunulmustur. Arastirma sonucunda, "dürüstlük", "çaliskanlik" ve "saygi" degerlerinin en fazla model alinarak ögrenilen degerler oldugu; ögrencilerin genellikle "aile", "ögretmen" ve "akraba" model gruplarindan deger ögrendikleri görülmüstür.

Many methods and programs have been proposed to prevent, control and reverse for gaining weight (Carlos et al., 2013). Lowcalorie diets can help lose weight without applying any exercise program, but it also leads to loss of muscle mass. In contrast, a weight loss program consisting of only physical exercises may be more effective in reducing weight. It is known that exercises protect muscle masses and help stimulate metabolism. It is known that exercises protect muscle masses and help stimulate metabolism. However, the effect of exercise on body composition tends to slow down as long as it is not applied on an appropriate diet. For this reason, the most ideal methods of weight loss diet and exercise programs are applied together as an example are shown (Wu et al., 2009). Whole body vibration (WBV) is a recently developed type of neuromuscular training (Konstantina et al., 2013). Today, the use of whole body vibration platforms has become increasingly popular in both sports and rehabilitation centers (Verschueren et al., 2004; Bogaerts et al., 2009). It is also known that Whole Body Vibration Training (WBVT) is an extremely useful method for reducing arterial stiffness, blood pressure and sympathovagal balance of overweight or obese women, as well as providing important benefits for physical conditions in whole body tremor training (Figueroa et al., 2012). In recent years, many authors have indicated that WBVT may contribute to weight loss by increasing muscle mass and helping to increase strength, thereby increasing energy metabolism and reducing body fat (Carlos et al., 2013). The purpose of this study is to determine whether this is a complement to programs for increasing muscle mass and weight loss and to analyze the latest work on vibration training. On this basis; Using various search engines and libraries such as EBSCOHOST, PubMed, SciELO and SPORTDiscus, you can use muscle mass, muscle strength, strength, whole body vibration, body vibration, vibration training, vibration platform, whole body vibration, body vibration training, extreme nutrition and body mass were also used to investigate the current literature. In addition to computer research, a manual literature search based on the references given for the selected studies has also been conducted. Table I lists the main studies on muscle mass increase, fat mass reduction and energy expenditure with WBVT. As a result of the evaluation of the research data in terms of muscle mass increase, although only some of the studies performed with WBVT have reached the result of muscle mass increase, especially WBVT programs combined with strength and endurance training have been shown to be more effective in increasing muscle mass. WBVT seems to be associated with three different ways of weight loss. 1: Decrease in fat mass, 2: increase in energy expenditure, 3: increase in muscle mass. Although WBVT seems to be an effective way to increase muscle mass and lose weight, in some studies, exemplified in the field literature, it has been determined that WBVT is not the sole effect, and that the results associated with these routes are inconsistent and often contradictory. A more in-depth research is needed to make a more precise and clear interpretation on this subject. As a result of the detailed scanning of the databases, too much work has not been done on the topic. This may be due to the fact that the vibration platforms to which the WBVT programs are applied are expensive and as researchers cannot have these devices, there is no possibility of using them. In particular, the lack of studies on the subject almost no interest in Turkey revealed an attractive result. Researchers working on this subject can do their work by obtaining the necessary equipment through scientific research or institutional similar projects. However, despite all this, research has shown us that WBVT programs seem to be a safe method, especially for muscle mass, which can help speed up weight loss when combined with a regular diet and a regular exercise program.

One of the most common joining processes during power and motion transmission assembly applications is tight junctions. This coupling is provided by the pressure created by the frictional force between the shaft and the hub. It is preferred because of its easy and economical production on the fields. It is frequently used especially for the assembly of automotive parts. Apart from the frictional force, there must be a pressure force on the material surfaces. The minimum diameter of the shaft must be greater than the maximum diameter of the hole. In other words, the lower limit of the shaft tolerance is greater than the upper limit of the hole tolerance. It is known that tight fitting connections are applied according to the thick-walled pressure tube theory and there are certain tolerances for tight fitting. However, material differences have not been observed for these tolerances. Due to the different friction coefficients of different materials in this context, these tolerances lead to faults in the production areas and to be returned in the products of automotive aftermarketing. In this study, the internal construction of GGG-60 spheroidal graphite cast iron was investigated and bonded with two different materials produced from S275JR and S355JR steel and tight fit. The modulus of elasticity and the ratio of poisson are important factors in the properties of materials in the tight junctions. In this study, two different materials made from GGG - 60 spherical graphite cast iron and S275JR and S355JR steel were used as the shaft, and the surface roughness of the two different materials was tightly connected. Before the connections were made, the diameter and ovality were measured from three different points with a three-dimensional coordinate system measuring instrument (MITUTOYO Crysta Apex C 574) to determine the tightness values. While the test samples were being prepared, the casting hub and the steel hub in the TVD pulley used in vehicles such as Ford Focus, Mondeo, S-Max and Tourneo Connect were assembled in load-controlled presses as different samples and then subjected to a pull-out test (LLOYD 5 to 50 kN capacity) the connections have been disassembled and separated. The separation strengths of the tight - fitting connections were investigated experimentally by compression - pull test. In the experiment, it was found that the best tightness in different tightness ratio is between 0.17 - 0.23. This test data was used to validate using the finite element method. In this study, the SolidWorks package program was used for end-of-line element analysis. The surface roughness values vary after tight fitting in the variation of the tightness values. This causes a decrease in Ra. At the same time, an independent surface roughness has been changed in the tightness ratio. Dimensional changes occur due to the change in the value of the firmness. The reason for this is that the inner diameter of the tightened shaft is widening the material. As the tightness rate decreases, the dimensional changes will decrease. GGG - 60 cast iron with dimensions Ø42,33, Ø42,00 - Ø42,30 varying diameters between Ø42,20 - Ø42,26. This change in pipe core produced with S355JR caused the samples to expand and the surface roughness to change. Taking into account the mistakes in the rigorous connection analysis, it should not be forgotten that when analyzed before using experimental methods, there will be gains such as time, labor and cost. Today, good results have been obtained by giving appropriate tightness and surface roughness values to intelligent (load-controlled) presses used for assembly operations in production areas.Güç ve hareket iletiminde montajlama uygulamalari esnasinda en fazla yapilan birlestirme islemlerinden biri siki geçme baglantilaridir. Bu birlestirme mil ile göbek arasinda sürtünme kuvvetinden olusan basinç ile saglanir. Üretim sahalarinda kolay ve ekonomik olmasindan dolayi tercih edilir. Özellikle otomotiv parçalarinin montajlanmasinda sikça kullanilmaktadir. Bu arastirmada, GGG-60 küresel grafitli dökme demirin içyapisi incelenmis olup, S275JR ve S355JR çelikten üretilmis iki farkli malzeme ve siki geçme ile birbirine baglanmistir. Siki geçme baglantilarinin birbirinden ayrilma dayanimlari basma – çekme testi ile deneylenmistir. Yapilan deneyde ise farkli sikilik oraninda en iyi sikiligin 0,17 – 0,23 arasinda oldugu görülmüstür. Bu test verileri ile sonlu elemanlar metodu kullanilarak dogrulamaya gidilmistir. Günümüzde üretim sahalarinda montaj islemleri için kullanilan akilli (yük kontrollü) preslere uygun sikilik ve yüzey pürüzlülük degerleri verilerek iyi sonuçlar alinmistir.

Parents expect and want their child to be healthy. They make preparations for their child’s birth according to these expectations. Parents, expecting a healthy child for a long time, go through different levels of trauma, when they get unexpected news. An inevitable state of “shock”, that they will experience at the beginning, can affect the life in the house. Parents, shocked by news of having a disabled child feel different things. The most important of those feelings is helplessness. It is a deep stressful process and it is very difficult to overcome. This study was aimed at the analysis of optimism and stress coping attitudes of parents who have children with special needs. Screening model was used in the study. Attitudes of stress coping inventory” and “Optimism scale” were used as data collection means. The data were carried out in Istanbul, Kadiköy region in 2016-2017. They were collected from 327 mothers and 126 fathers, i.e. 453 parents in total, whose children were studying at special education institutions those times. Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis techniques were used to test the correlation between dependent and independent variables of the research. Determination of the parents’ stress coping attitudes and optimism levels would identify psychological counseling and guidance services that they will be provided with. Psychological support must be provided to teach them how to live with a disabled child and struggle for the child’s development. Children, who need special education, feel necessity in getting care and support on self-care remedies, since they need more care than other children do. Parents’ symptoms of exhaustion and comparisons with other children and families may lead them to deep hopelessness. Concrete support must be provided and cognitive and behavioral activities must be organized so that they could manage with stressful situations and enhance their optimistic tendencies. Stress is a state that can be observed when an organism goes through difficulties and its inner and physical limits are under threat. In this case parents, feeling stressed, may have psychosomatic complaints. Optimism means general tendencies of perceiving events positively. Optimism is having positive thoughts about future, while pessimism is having negative thoughts about future. Parents need psychosocial support to gain more positive tendencies and not to lose their hope. In this research it was found that parents’ optimism levels were in favor of mothers, while no difference was determined between mothers and fathers in terms of coping with stress. Despite the fact that differences were found between education and subdimensions like looking for assistance and sheltering in religion, no significant differences were found in other sub-dimensions. Significant difference was determined between those parents, whose education level showed high school and those ones, whose education level showed primary school. According to this foundation parents with primary school education level have shown higher average of looking for assistance than looking for assistance average of parents with high school education level. Sheltering in religion average of parents with graduate and postgraduate education level were higher than sheltering in religion average of parents with primary school education. It was found that optimism predicts coping with stress at a medium level. It has been revealed that 20 % of optimism levels of parents, who took part in the research, were determined through the sub-dimensions of stress coping scale. Optimism levels of parents, who took part in the research, and their sheltering in religion, biochemical avoidance, emotional-motional avoidance and cognitive-acceptance restructuring levels were determined at a low level. It was also determined that the more active planning level increased, the more optimism level increased as well, i.e. a positive correlation between active planning level and optimism level was found. The more looking for assistance level increased, the more optimism level increased as well, i.e. a positive correlation between looking for assistance level and optimism level was found. According to these explanations developing strategies that may help to increase optimistic views of parents, who have children with special needs, is not an easy activity. Despite the fact that correlation between optimism and stress coping attitudes was determined, parents are to be given hopes at different levels through providing psychological services in early periods to strengthen their optimism tendencies. Bu arastirmada, özel gereksinimli çocugu olan anne babalarin iyimserlik ve stresle basa çikma tutumlari incelenmistir. Iyimserlik düzeyinin stresle iliskisi arastirilmis ve stres yapici ve tetikleyici unsurlara karsi iyimser egilimli olarak üstesinden gelinebilir mi sorusuna yanit aranmis ve baska çalismalara isik olma amaçlanmistir. Arastirma, tarama modeli olarak tasarlanmistir. Veri toplama araci olarak “Stresle Basa çikma Tutumlari Envanteri” ve “Iyimserlik Ölçegi” kullanilmistir. Arastirmada veriler, 2016-2017 egitim ögretim yilinda Istanbul Kadiköy bölgesinde Özel egitim kurumlarina devam eden 327 anne 126 baba olmak üzere toplam 453 veliden toplanmistir. Toplanan veriler, bagimsiz örneklem t testi ve tek faktörlü varyans analizi ile test edilmistir. Arastirmada elde edilen bulgulara göre anne-babalarin stresle basa çikma tutumlarinda anlamli bir farklilik görülmezken iyimserlik puan ortalamalarinda annelerin lehine anlamli bir farklilik görülmüstür. Iyimserlik düzeyinin %20’sinin stresle basa çikma ölçeginin (aktif planlama, dis yardim arama, dine siginma, eylemsel soyutlanma, biyokimyasal soyutlanma ve bilissel yeniden yapilanma) alt boyutlari ile açiklandigi görülmüstür. Anne-babalarin iyimserlik düzeyleri, stresle basa çikma tutumlarini olumlu yönde etkiledigi görülmüstür. Iyimserlik düzeyi ile stresle basa çikmada aktif planlama ve dis yardim arama düzeyi arasinda pozitif yönlü anlamli bir iliskinin oldugu görülmüstür. Diger taraftan dine siginma, duygusal-eylemsel soyutlanma, biyokimyasal soyutlanma ve kabul-bilissel yeniden yapilanma ile istatistiksel olarak anlamli bir iliskinin olmadigi saptanmistir. Arastirma bulgularina göre anne babalarin iyimserlik egilimleri üzerinde psikolojik desteklerin saglanmasi ile stresle basa çikmalarinda olumlu katkilar saglayacagi umulmaktadir.

Obesity is a physiological disorder that results in the accumulation of excess fat in the body and usually estimated on the basis of body-mass index (BMI). BMI is the criteria for obesity determination and classification accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters(kg/m2 ). 25= BMI =29,9 overweight, BMI =30 obese, BMI=45 morbit obese. World Health Organization estimates that approximately 700 million people will be obese in 2015. Leptin is a 167 amino-acid protein and is coded by ob gene which is consist of 2 introns, 3 exons (Friedman, 1997; Campfield et all, 1995). Leptin levels are also increased in obese patients. Leptin is secreted into bloodstream by adipocytes and binding to its receptor (LEPR) expressed mainly in hypothalamus it regulates the maintenance of energy homeostasis and body weight by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing appetite. LEPR is located 1p31.3 and mainly is expressed in hypothalamus (Wrann ve ark., 2012). LEPR gene produces six LEPR isoforms (LEPRa,b,c,d,e,f) and the LEPRb type receptor is effective in regulating body weight (Fei ve ark. 1997; Morris & Rui, 2009). LEPRb is a member of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-type cytokine receptor family and has an extracellular domain and an intracellular domain. LEPRb does not contain intrinsic enzymatic activity but bind to a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase called Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Leptin stimulates JAK2 activation that subsequently auto-phosphorylates on multiple tyrosines. JAK2 also phosphorylates LEPRb on three tyrosine residues (Tyr985, Tyr1077, and Tyr1138). Phospho- Tyr985, Tyr1077, and Tyr1138 bind to downstream molecules and active the JAK2/STAT3, JAK2/STAT5, PI3K/IRS/AKT SHP2/ERK pathways which is act coordinately and regulate food intake and energy expenditure (Zhou & Rui, 2014). The SH2 domain of STAT3 binds to Phospho-Tyr1138 and is activated by JAK2. STAT3 mediated the transcription of several genes including POMC. Phospho- Tyr985 provides a binding site for SHP2 and SHP2 mediated the activation ERK pathway. SHP2/ERK pathway has anti-obesity effect. Deletion of the SHP2 gene in the brain results in early-onset obesity in mice (He et all., 2012; Zhang et all., 2004; Krajewska et all., 2008; St- Pierre & Tremblay, 2012).Leptin actives STAT5 via phospho-Tyr1077and STAT5 shows anti-obesity effect. Elimination of STAT5 in CNS results hyperphagia and obesity. Activation of STAT5 has an opposite effect (Lee et all., 2008). Leptin also activates IRS/PI3K pathway. SH2B1 is a adaptor protein and It mediates activation of IRS/PI3K pathway by JAK2. IRS/PI3K pathway consist of Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) and The Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTORC1) pathways. FoxO1 is a key transcription factor for gluconeogenesis AKT phosphorylates FoxO1 and resulting accumulation of inactive FoxO1 in cytoplasm. Overexpression of a constitutively active FoxO1 mutant in the ARC abolishes leptin responses and increases food intake and body weight, whereas overexpression of a transcription-deficient FoxO1 mutant or FoxO1 knockdown in the ARC has an opposite effect (Kim et all., 2006; Kitamura et all., 2006). Deletion of FoxO1 in POMC neurons results in decreased food intake and body weight in mice (Plum et all., 2009). The Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTORC1)/ribosomal S6 kinase pathway is another pathway of the IRS/PI3K pathway. Leptin stimulates the activation mTOR. The active mTOR phosphorylates and actives S6K. The active mTOR decreases food intake and body weight in rats (Cota et all., 2006). In addition to, leptin signaling is negatively regulated by SOCS3, PTP1B, TCPTP. Obesity is closely associated with various metabolic diseases including dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes (Kopelman ,2000). In this study, leptin signaling pathway and function of molecules in this pathway is explained. Genetic variations in the above-mentioned pathways emerges as target points for the treatment of the disease